Boosted charge separation via Ce2S3 over dual Z-scheme ZnO-Ce2S3-MnO2 core double-shell nanocomposite for the degradation of diverse dye pollutants.

Herein, core double-shell direct dual Z-scheme ZnO-Ce2S3-MnO2 nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal route along with pure ZnO, Ce2S3, MnO2, and characterized by numerous characterization tools for application in synthetic dyes degradation. The XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses have confirmed the nanocomposite formation. TEM images exhibited the core double-shell morphology with an average particle diameter of 81 nm and stacking of ZnO, Ce2S3, and MnO2. EDX confirmed the existence of desired elements in the grown composition. The varied oxidation states, presence of defects, and fast charge transfer were also revealed from XPS, PL, and EIS. The ZnO-Ce2S3-MnO2 nanocomposite has an optical energy bandgap of 2.84 eV, capable of decomposing harmful dyes with excellent efficiency, 99.81% MB, 97.62% MO, 88.5% MR, and 58.9% EY in 40 min sunlight exposure. The effect of several operating parameters is also observed and obtained results showed the optimal catalyst dose was 20 mg, pH of 8, and dye concentration of 10 ppm. The scavenger's experiment suggests that •O2- and •OH are the main active radicals in the photodegradation reaction which is also evident in the dual Z-scheme formation. The MnO2 and ZnO layers covered the Ce2S3 (core) and dual Z-scheme formation allows rapid kinetics of redox reaction and provides plenteous channels for transfer of photo-generated charge carriers during photocatalysis. Thus, core double-shell direct dual Z-scheme photocatalysts having inorganic components could be an excellent choice for photocatalysis at the industrial level, particularly for water purification.

Hibiscetin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-evoked memory impairment by inhibiting BDNF/caspase-3/NF-κB pathway in rodents.

This study explores the neuroprotective potential of hibiscetin concerning memory deficits induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in rats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of hibiscetin against LPS-injected memory deficits in rats. The behavioral paradigms were conducted to access LPS-induced memory deficits. Various biochemical parameters such as acetyl-cholinesterase activity, choline-acetyltransferase, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, catalase), oxidative stress (malonaldehyde), and nitric oxide levels were examined. Furthermore, neuroinflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and nuclear factor-kappa B expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor as well as apoptosis marker i.e., caspase-3 were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the hibiscetin-treated group exhibited significant recovery in LPS-induced memory deficits in rats by using behavioral paradigms, biochemical parameters, antioxidant levels, oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and apoptosis markers. Recent research suggested that hibiscetin may serve as a promising neuroprotective agent in experimental animals and could offer an alternative in LPS-injected memory deficits in rodent models.

In Silico Insights into the Arsenic Binding Mechanism Deploying Application of Computational Biology-Based Toolsets.

An assortment of environmental matrices includes arsenic (As) in its different oxidation states, which is often linked to concerns that pose a threat to public health worldwide. The current difficulty lies in addressing toxicological concerns and achieving sustained detoxification of As. Multiple conventional degradation methods are accessible; however, they are indeed labor-intensive, expensive, and reliant on prolonged laboratory evaluations. Molecular interaction and atomic level degradation mechanisms for enzyme-As exploration are, however, underexplored in those approaches. A feasible approach in this case for tackling this accompanying concern of As might be to cope with undertaking multivalent computational methodologies and tools. This work aimed to provide molecular-level insight into the enzyme-aided As degradation mechanism. AutoDock Vina, CABS-flex 2.0, and Desmond high-performance molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were utilized in the current investigation to simulate multivalent molecular processes on two protein sets: arsenate reductase (ArsC) and laccase (LAC) corresponding arsenate (ART) and arsenite (AST), which served as model ligands to comprehend binding, conformational, and energy attributes. The structural configurations of both proteins exhibited variability in flexibility and structure framework within the range of 3.5-4.5 Å. The LAC-ART complex exhibited the lowest calculated binding affinity, measuring -5.82 ± 0.01 kcal/mol. Meanwhile, active site residues ILE-200 and HIS-206 were demonstrated to engage in H-bonding with the ART ligand. In contrast to ArsC, the ligand binding affinity of this bound complex was considerably greater. Additional validation of docked complexes was carried out by deploying Desmond MDS of 100 ns to capture protein and ligand conformation behavior. The system achieved stability during the 100 ns simulation run, as confirmed by the average P-L RMSD, which was ∼1 Å. As a preliminary test of the enzyme's ability to catalyze As species, corresponding computational insights might be advantageous for bridging gaps and regulatory consideration.

The mutational analysis of mitochondrial DNA in maternal inheritance of polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a globally prevalent condition that leads to infertility in women. While environmental factors contribute to PCOS, maternal genetics also play a significant role. Currently, there is no definitive test for identifying predisposition to PCOS. Hence, our objective is to discover novel maternal genetic risk factors for PCOS by investigating the genomes of patients from Pakistan. Methods: We utilized Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to sequence the complete mitochondrial DNA of three PCOS patients. Subsequently, we employed MitoTIP (Mitochondrial tRNA Informatics Predictor) and PON-mt-tRNA tools to identify variations in the mitochondrial DNA. Our analysis focused on the genes MT-RNR1, MT-RNR2, MT-ATP6, MT-TL2, and MT-CYTB, which displayed common variations in all three genomes. Additionally, we observed individual variations. The D-loop region exhibited the highest frequency of mutations, followed by the non-coding regions of RNR1 and RNR2 genes. Moreover, we detected frameshift mutations in the mitochondrially encoded NADH Dehydrogenase 2 (MT-ND2) and mitochondrially encoded NADH Dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) genes within individual genomes. Results: Our analysis unveiled six regions with common variations in the mitochondrial DNA of all three PCOS patients. Notably, the MT-RNR1, MT-RNR2, MT-ATP6, MT-TL2, and MT-CYTB genes exhibited these variations. Additionally, we identified individual variations in the mitochondrial DNA. The D-loop region displayed the highest mutation frequency, followed by the non-coding regions of RNR1 and RNR2 genes. Furthermore, frameshift mutations were detected in the MT-ND2 and ND5 genes within individual genomes. Conclusion: Through our study, we have identified variations in mitochondrial DNA that may be associated with the development of PCOS and have the potential to serve as predisposition tests. Our findings highlight the presence of novel mutations in the MT-RNR1, MT-RNR2, MT-ATP6, MT-TL2, and MT-CYTB genes, as well as frameshift mutations in the MT-ND2 and ND5 genes. Pathogenicity analysis indicated that most variants were likely to result in benign cysts. However, the frameshift mutations in the ND2 gene were associated with a high risk of complications and pathogenicity in PCOS. This is the first report identifying these mutations and their association with PCOS, contributing to our understanding of the genetic factors underlying the condition.

Acemannan ameliorates STZ-activated diabetes by attenuating high glucose via inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis pathway.

Acemannan, the main polysaccharide in Aloe vera, is a -(1, 4)-acetylated polymannose. According to numerous research findings, acemannan is a viable alternative for the treatment of pathological disorders. Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally caused type 2 diabetes in rats. The current study sought to determine the anti-diabetic efficacy of acemannan (25 and 50 mg/kg) in STZ-injected rats. Different biochemical parameters including HbA1C, glucose and serum insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, antioxidant, oxidative balance, liver function test, glycogen and creatinine, and caspase-3 were evaluated. In addition, a molecular docking study was performed to estimate acemannan's binding affinity to inflammatory markers. Acemannan may be a potent anti-diabetic agent for the treatment of diabetic patients, which will aid in future research into alternative diabetes medications.

Barbigerone Potentially Alleviates Rotenone-Activated Parkinson's Disease in a Rodent Model by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammatory Cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 1% of the elderly population. In recent years, phytocomponents have aroused considerable interest in the research for PD treatment as they provide a plethora of active compounds including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anti-Parkinson's effect of barbigerone, a natural pyranoisoflavone possessing antioxidant activity in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD. METHODS: To evaluate antioxidant activity, a 0.5 mg/kg dose of rotenone was injected subcutaneously into rats. Barbigerone (10 and 20 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 28 days 1 h prior to rotenone. All behavioral parameters were assessed before sacrificing the rats. On the 29th day, all of the rats were humanely killed and assessed for biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase), neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid levels), and neuroinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa B, and IL-6]. RESULTS: The data presented in this study has shown that barbigerone attenuated rotenone-induced motor deficits including the rotarod test, catalepsy, akinesia, and open-field test. Additionally, barbigerone has shown improvements in the biochemical and neuroinflammatory parameters in the rotenone-induced rat model of PD. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that barbigerone exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions via reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, these findings suggest that barbigerone could potentially be utilized as a therapeutic agent against PD.

Fabrication of fullerene-supported La2O3-C60 nanocomposites: dual-functional materials for photocatalysis and supercapacitor electrodes.

Nowadays, water pollution and energy crises worldwide force researchers to develop multi-functional and highly efficient nanomaterials. In this scenario, the present work reports a dual-functional La2O3-C60 nanocomposite fabricated by a simple solution method. The grown nanomaterial worked as an efficient photocatalyst and proficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The physical and electrochemical properties were studied by state-of-the-art techniques. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the La2O3-C60 nanocomposite with TEM nano-graphs, and EDX mapping exhibits the loading of C60 on La2O3 particles. XPS confirmed the presence of varying oxidation states of La3+/La2+. The electrochemical capacitive properties were tested by CV, EIS, GCD, ECSA, and LSV, which indicated that the La2O3-C60 nanocomposite can be effectively used as an electrode material for durable and efficient supercapacitors. The photocatalytic test using methylene blue (MB) dye revealed the complete photodegradation of the MB dye under UV light irradiation after 30 min by a La2O3-C60 catalyst with a reusability up to 7 cycles. The lower energy bandgap, presence of deep-level emissions, and lower recombination rate of photoinduced charge carriers in the La2O3-C60 nanocomposite than those of bare La2O3 are responsible for enhanced photocatalytic activity with low-power UV irradiation. The fabrication of multi-functional and highly efficient electrode materials and photocatalysts such as La2O3-C60 nanocomposites is beneficial for the energy industry and environmental remediation applications.

Gingerol, a Natural Antioxidant, Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Downstream Complications.

Hyperglycemia is seen in approximately 68 percent of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU). In many acute circumstances, such as myocardial infarction, brain, injury and stroke, it is an independent predictor of mortality. Hyperglycemia is induced by a mix of genetic, environmental, and immunologic variables in people with type 1 diabetes. These factors cause pancreatic beta cell death and insulin insufficiency. Insulin resistance and irregular insulin production cause hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients. Hyperglycemia activates a number of complicated interconnected metabolic processes. Hyperglycemia is a major contributor to the onset and progression of diabetes' secondary complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts, periodontitis, and bone and joint issues. Studies on the health benefits of ginger and its constituent's impact on hyperglycemia and related disorders have been conducted and gingerol proved to be a potential pharmaceutically active constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) that has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, because it possesses antioxidant properties and it functions as an antioxidant in the complicated biochemical process that causes hyperglycemia to be activated. Gingerol not only helps in treating hyperglycemia but also shows effectivity against diseases related to it, such as cardiopathy, kidney failure, vision impairments, bone and joint problems, and teeth and gum infections. Moreover, fresh ginger has various gingerol analogues, with 6-gingerol being the most abundant. However, it is necessary to investigate the efficacy of its other analogues against hyperglycemia and associated disorders at various concentrations in order to determine the appropriate dose for treating these conditions.

Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic Applications.

Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system.

Europinidin Inhibits Rotenone-Activated Parkinson's Disease in Rodents by Decreasing Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammatory Cytokines Pathways.

Background: Europinidin is a derivative of delphinidin obtained from the plants Plumbago Europea and Ceratostigma plumbaginoides. This herb has wide medicinal applications in treating various diseases but there are very few studies available on this bioactive compound. Considering this background, the present study is designed for the evaluation of Europinidin against Parkinson's disease. Aim: The investigation aims to assess the effect of Europinidin in the rotenone-activated Parkinson's paradigm. Methods: To evaluate neuroprotective activity, rotenone (1.5 mg/kg s.c) and europinidin (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) was administered in rats for 21 days. The behavioural parameters were performed before sacrificing the rats. On the 22nd day, all the rats were assessed for biochemical markers (SOD, GSH, MDA, Catalase), neurotransmitter levels (Dopamine, 5-HIAA, DOPAC, and HVA levels), and neuroinflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α). Results: It was found that rotenone produced significant (p < 0.001) oxidative damage, a cholinergic deficit, dopaminergic loss, and a rise in neuroinflammatory markers in rats. Conclusion: The study concludes that europinidin possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The results suggest the therapeutic role of europinidin against rotenone-activated behavioural, biochemical, and neuroinflammatory alterations in rats.

Green Tea Catechins Attenuate Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Deficits.

Neurodegenerative diseases exert an overwhelming socioeconomic burden all around the globe. They are mainly characterized by modified protein accumulation that might trigger various biological responses, including oxidative stress, inflammation, regulation of signaling pathways, and excitotoxicity. These disorders have been widely studied during the last decade in the hopes of developing symptom-oriented therapeutics. However, no definitive cure has yet been discovered. Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages. The same plant, Camellia Sinensis (L.).O. Kuntze, is used to make green, black, and oolong teas. Green tea has been most thoroughly studied because of its anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The beneficial effect of consumption of tea on neurodegenerative disorders has been reported in several human interventional and observational studies. The polyphenolic compounds found in green tea, known as catechins, have been demonstrated to have many therapeutic effects. They can help in preventing and, somehow, treating neurodegenerative diseases. Catechins show anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant effects via blocking cytokines' excessive production and inflammatory pathways, as well as chelating metal ions and free radical scavenging. They may inhibit tau protein phosphorylation, amyloid beta aggregation, and release of apoptotic proteins. They can also lower alpha-synuclein levels and boost dopamine levels. All these factors have the potential to affect neurodegenerative disorders. This review will examine catechins' neuroprotective effects by highlighting their biological, pharmacological, antioxidant, and metal chelation abilities, with a focus on their ability to activate diverse cellular pathways in the brain. This review also points out the mechanisms of catechins in various neurodegenerative and cognitive diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and cognitive deficit.

Peripheral mRNA Expression and Prognostic Significance of Emotional Stress Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients.

Emotional stress is believed to be associated with increased tumor progression. Stress-induced epigenetic modifications can contribute to the severity of disease and poor prognosis in cancer patients. The current study aimed to investigate the expression profiles along with the prognostic significance of psychological stress-related genes in metastatic breast cancer patients, to rationalize the molecular link between emotional stress and cancer progression. We profiled the expression of selected stress-associated genes (5-HTT, NR3C1, OXTR, and FKBP5) in breast cancer including the stress evaluation of all participants using the Questionnaire on Distress in Cancer Patients-short form (QSC-R10). A survival database, the Kaplan-Meier Plotter, was used to explore the prognostic significance of these genes in breast cancer. Our results showed relatively low expressions of 5-HTT (p = 0.02) and OXTR (p = 0.0387) in metastatic breast cancer patients as compared to the non-metastatic group of patients. The expression of NR3C1 was low in tumor grade III as compared to grade II (p = 0.04). Additionally, the expression of NR3C1 was significantly higher in patients with positive estrogen receptor status. However, no significant difference was found regarding FKBP5 expression in breast cancer. The results suggest a potential implication of these genes in breast cancer pathology and prognosis.

mTOR as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Microbial Infections, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, and Colorectal Cancer.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the major controller of a number of important cellular activities, including protein synthesis, cell expansion, multiplication, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cellular metabolism. When mTOR interacts with specific adaptor proteins, it forms two complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The mTOR signaling system regulates gene transcription and protein manufacturing to control proliferation of cell, differentiation of immune cell, and tumor metabolism. Due to its vital role in case of microbial infections, inflammations and cancer development and progression, mTOR has been considered as a key therapeutic target for the development of targeted medication. As autophagy dysfunction is linked to changes in both innate and adaptive immune responses, bacterial clearance defects, and goblet and Paneth cell malfunction, all of these changes are linked to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Preclinical and clinical data have shown that the inhibition and induction of autophagy have significant potential to be translated into the clinical applications. In IBD and several CRC models, mTORC1 inhibitors have been found effective. In the recent years, a number of novel mTOR inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials, and a number of drugs have shown considerably enhanced efficacy when combined with mTOR inhibitors. The future developments in the mTOR targeting medications can benefit patients in individualized therapy. Advanced and innovative medicines that are more effective and have lower drug resistance are still in high demand. New findings could be relevant in medicine development, pharmacological modification, or future mTOR inhibitor research. Therefore, the goal of this review is to present a comprehensive account of current developments on the mTOR pathway and its inhibitors, with an emphasis on the management of microbial infections, the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and the management of colon cancer.

Rosinidin Protects against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Subsiding Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Rosinidin is a flavonoid anthocyanin pigmentation found in shrub flowers such as Catharanthus roseus and Primula rosea. The molecular docking studies predicted that rosinidin has adequate structural competency, making it a viable medicinal candidate for the treatment of a wide range of disorders. The current study intends to assess rosinidin nephroprotective efficacy against nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral acute toxicity tests of rosinidin were conducted to assess potential toxicity in animals, and it was shown to be safe. The nephroprotective effect of rosinidin 10, and 20 mg/kg were tested in rats for 25 days with concurrent administration of cisplatin. Several biochemical parameters were measured to support enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). Likewise, changes in several non-protein-nitrogenous components and blood chemistry parameters were made to support the theory linked with the pathogenesis of chemical-induced nephrotoxicity. RESULTS: Cisplatin caused significant changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and blood chemistry, which rosinidin efficiently controlled. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation linked rosinidin with nephroprotective efficacy in experimental models.

Co-Occurrence of ß-Lactam and Aminoglycoside Resistance Determinants among Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: A Genomic Approach.

The presence of antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs) in mobile genetic elements (MGEs) facilitates the rapid development and dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which represents a serious problem for human health. This is a One Health study which aims to investigate the co-occurrence of antimicrobial resistance determinants among clinical and environmental isolates of K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Various bioinformatics tools were used to elucidate the bacterial strains' ID, resistome, virulome, MGEs, and phylogeny for 42 isolates obtained from hospitalized patients (n = 20) and environmental sites (including fresh vegetables, fruits, and drinking water) (n = 22). The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed that K. pneumoniae belonged to ten sequence types (STs) while the E. coli belonged to seventeen STs. Multidrug-resistant isolates harbored ß-lactam, aminoglycoside resistance determinants, and MGE were detected circulating in the environment (drinking water, fresh vegetables, and fruits) and in patients hospitalized with postoperative infections, neonatal sepsis, and urinary tract infection. Four K. pneumoniae environmental isolates (7E, 16EE, 1KE, and 19KE) were multidrug-resistant and were positive for different beta-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance determinants. blaCTX-M-15 in brackets of ISEc 9 and Tn 3 transposases was detected in isolates circulating in the pediatrics unit of Soba hospital and the environment. This study documented the presence of bacterial isolates harboring a similar pattern of antimicrobial resistance determinants circulating in hospitals and environments. A rapid response is needed from stakeholders to initiate a program for infection prevention and control measures to detect such clones disseminated in the communities and hospitals.

Dual Z-scheme core-shell PANI-CeO2-Fe2O3-NiO heterostructured nanocomposite for dyes remediation under sunlight and bacterial disinfection.

Nowadays, environmental pollution due to discharge of organic pollutants from food, textile, and pharmaceutical industries into clean water and development of contagious diseases due to pathogenic organisms provide impetus to material researcher to fabricate novel design for efficient photocatalyst and antimicrobial agents. In this regard, designing a core-shell heterojunction catalyst based on metal oxides is considered an auspicious approach. In present study, combating the problems of singular oxides, core-shell PANI-CeO2-Fe2O3-NiO nanocomposite (PCFN) and CeO2-Fe2O3-NiO nanocomposite (CFN) was synthesized through sol-gel and oxidative polymerization route with cetyletrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The XRD, FTIR, and Raman confirmed the formation of nanocomposites with core-shell morphology composed of PANI (shell) and oxides (Core) in PCFN with a particle size of 52 nm (TEM). Surprisingly, PCFN has lower band gap, e-/h+ recombination, and larger charge transfer character than CFN. The decomposition test using MB and MO dyes showed that PCFN degraded 99%, 98%, while CFN degraded only 73% and 54%, respectively, under 50 min sunlight illumination. The reusability was assessed up to 7th cycle for PCFN. The influence of operational parameters (catalyst dose, dye concentration, pH) was tested for PCFN. Further, the antimicrobial action against S. aureus (gram + ve), E. coli (gram -ve) were also tested. The supreme performance of PCFN has been credited to heterostructure dual Z-scheme formation and core-shell morphology supported with PANI, which suppresses the e-/h+ recombination process by promoting their separation. The present finding indicated that the PCFN is a promising modifier for bacterial disinfection and acts as a superb photocatalyst through core-shell formation with PANI support.

Protective Effect of Fustin Against Ethanol-Activated Gastric Ulcer via Downregulation of Biochemical Parameters in Rats.

The fustin plant-derived bioflavonoid obtained from a common plant known as lacquer tree from family Anacardiaceae, formally known as Rhus verniciflua Stokes, is known to exert a variety of therapeutic properties. The current investigation proved the anti-ulcerative property of fustin on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in an experimental animal model. The fustin 50 and 100 mg/kg was studied in an experimental rat model by performing an 8 day protocol. The ulcer index, pH, total acidic content, and biochemical parameters such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1ß, prostaglandin E-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide (NO) in serum were measured. The gastric parameter such as ulcer index, pH, and acidic content was maintained in the fustin groups compared to the ethanol control group. Clinical presentation of gastric ulcers includes a significant increase in serum levels, GSH, SOD, and CAT and decreased MDA, TNF-α, interleukin-1ß, and prostaglandin E-2 parameters in contrast to normal groups. The treatment regimen with fustin has significantly restored all serum parameters in test groups. The current study helps to develop reasonable phytochemical options for the innervations of chemical-induced gastric ulcers.

Transition metal-doped SnO2 and graphene oxide (GO) supported nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts and antibacterial agents.

In the present work, pristine and transition metal (TM) (W, Ag, Zn)-doped SnO2 nanocrystals using a facile sol-gel approach were synthesized. The grown products were anchored on graphene oxide (GO) sheets via a simple ultrasonication technique to fabricate binary nanocomposites. The structural, optical, and morphological properties of as-synthesized samples were studied by XRD, FTIR, Raman, EDX, UV-Visible, PL, and FE-SEM. The charge transferability of graphene oxide-based samples was investigated by EIS. The XRD exhibited the TM doping in SnO2 and the development of GO-based nanocomposite. FTIR data evidenced the existence of the metal-oxygen bonds. Raman spectra presented the optical phonon modes of SnO2 and the existence of oxygen vacancy defects. FE-SEM images demonstrated the anchoring of particles on the GO sheet, and EDX further approved the existence of desired dopants. The integration of SnO2 with TM doping remarkably reduced optical bandgap (3.65-3.10 eV), which was further decreased (3.10-2.99 eV) by making composite with GO. The photodegradation results exhibited that GO-based nanocomposites have the higher potential to degrade synthetic dyes (methyl red (MR), and methyl orange (MO) and SnZnO2/GO have shown superb photocatalytic performance after 80-min sunlight illumination (99.9% MR and 95.0% MO dyes) with the higher rate constant and superior stability up to 6th cycle against MR dye. The grown samples were tested for bacterial disinfection, and SnZnO2/GO sample showed a higher zone of inhibition towards S. aureus and K. pneumoniae bacteria strains. The greater charge transfer rate and lower recombination of charge carriers in GO-based composites were also observed by EIS and PL analysis. Moreover, the present article ascribed that the photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of bare SnO2 could be improved by TM doping and fabricating their composite with GO.

Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast-Mediated Protective Effect in Sepsis-Induced Late-Phase Event of Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review.

Severe infections such as viral, bacterial, or fungal sepsis can cause an inflammatory response in the host, leading to organ failure and septic shock-phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibiting related agents from suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) degradation. Regulatory organisations have approved some substances in this category to reduce the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis and a history of COPD exacerbations. Roflumilast has been shown to alleviate inflammatory responses, thus regulating airway inflammation. Additionally, roflumilast therapy dramatically enhanced B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, an anti-apoptotic marker lowered in septic animals. Previous research has indicated that roflumilast may help reverse sepsis-induced liver and lung harm, but whether it is also effective in reversing sepsis-induced renal impairment remains unknown. Therefore, this review determines whether roflumilast protects against renal dysfunction, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in sepsis-induced kidney damage. Additionally, we discussed the molecular mechanism through which roflumilast exerts its protective effect to uncover a possible treatment agent for sepsis-induced renal impairment.

Whole-Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusepidermidis Carrying Biofilm-Associated Genes and a Unique Composite of SCCmec.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal human flora that has recently become an important opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections and tends to be multidrug-resistant. In this investigation, we aimed to study the genomic characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis isolated from clinical specimens. Three isolates were identified using biochemical tests and evaluated for drug susceptibility. Genomic DNA sequences were obtained using Illumina, and were processed for analysis using various bioinformatics tools. The isolates showed multidrug resistance to most of the antibiotics tested in this study, and were identified with three types (III(3A), IV(2B&5), and VI(4B)) of the mobile genetic element SCCmec that carries the methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and its regulators (mecI and mecR1). A total of 11 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) was identified as chromosomally mediated or in plasmids; these genes encode for proteins causing decreased susceptibility to methicillin (mecA), penicillin (blaZ), fusidic acid (fusB), fosfomycin (fosB), tetracycline (tet(K)), aminoglycosides (aadD, aac(6')-aph(2'')), fluoroquinolone (MFS antibiotic efflux pump), trimethoprim (dfrG), macrolide (msr(A)), and chlorhexidine (qacA)). Additionally, the 9SE strain belongs to the globally disseminated ST2, and harbors biofilm-formation genes (icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, and IS256) with phenotypic biofilm production capability. It also harbors the fusidic acid resistance gene (fusB), which could increase the risk of device-associated healthcare infections, and 9SE has been identified as having a unique extra SCC gene (ccrB4); this new composite element of the ccr type needs more focus to better understand its role in the drug resistance mechanism.